Microbial Load Of Greywater From Bathroom

ABSTRACT

The study was on microbial load of greywater from bathroom. The physicochemical properties; pH, temperature, conductivity, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids and dissolved oxygen values were high. The total heterotrophic plate count ranged from 4.8 x 109 cfu/ml to 8.7 x 109 cfu/ml, total coliform plate count ranged from 3.8 x 109 cfu/ml to 7.1 x 109 cfu/ml, total Salmonella-shigella plate count ranged from 3.0 x 109 cfu/ml to 4.6 x 109 cfu/ml and total fungal plate count ranged from 3.4 x 109 cfu/ml to 5.8 x 109 cfu/ml. the bacteria isolated and their percentage occurrence were E.coli (16.67%), Salmonella spp (16.67%)., Shigella spp(8.33%)., Pseudomonas spp (12.5%)., Bacillus spp. (12.5%), Klebsella spp. (12.7%), Serretia spp (4.16%). and the fungi isolated and its percentage occurrence were Aspergillus niger (36.36%), Rhodotorulla spp (27.28%). and Aspergillus flavus (36.36%). The ANOVA, P<0.05 showed that there was significant difference in the bacteria and fungi mean count among the different grey water samples. The result revealed that the greywater from bathroom were highly contaminated with pathogenic microorganisms, therefore adequate hygiene practice should be carried out regularly on the bathroom and precautionary measures should be taken in other not to be infected by the organisms in greywater.

TABLE OF CONTENT

Title page ﾿ i

Declaration ﾿ ii

Certification ﾿ iii

Dedication ﾿ iv

Acknowledgement ﾿ v

Table of Content ﾿ vi

List of Tables ﾿ x

Abstract ﾿ xi

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 ﾿ Introduction ﾿ 1

1.1 ﾿ What is greywater ﾿ 1

1.2 ﾿ Sources of greywater ﾿ 2

1.3 ﾿ Characteristics and compositions of greywater ﾿ 2

1.4 ﾿ What is a bathroom ﾿ 2

1.4.1 ﾿ Types of bathroom ﾿ 3

1.4.2 ﾿ Items found in a bathroom ﾿ 4

1.4.3 ﾿ Activities carried out in the bathroom ﾿ 4

1.5 ﾿ Problem statement ﾿ 4

1.6 ﾿ Aims and objectives ﾿ 5

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 ﾿ Literature review ﾿ 6

2.1 ﾿ Domestic wastewater ﾿ 6

2.1.1 ﾿ Greywater as wastewater ﾿ 6

2.2 ﾿ Microorganisms isolated from greywater ﾿ 7

2.3 ﾿ Health risk associated with greywater ﾿ 8

2.4 ﾿ Environmentally hazardous substances in greywater ﾿ 8

2.5 ﾿ Characteristics of greywater ﾿ 9

2.6 ﾿ Parameters affecting the characteristics of greywater ﾿ 9

2.6.1 ﾿ Chemical parameters ﾿ 11

2.6.2 ﾿ Chemical oxygen demand parameters ﾿ 11

2.6.3 ﾿ Nutrients in greywater ﾿ 12

 2.6.4 ﾿ Ground element in greywater ﾿ 12

2.6.6 ﾿ Heavy metals in greywater ﾿ 12

2.6.7 ﾿ Xenobiotic organic compounds (xoc) in greywater ﾿ 13

2.6.8 ﾿ Physical parameters ﾿ 13

2.6.9 ﾿ Bacterial characteristics of greywater ﾿ 14

2.7 ﾿ Organisms possibly present in greywater ﾿ 15

2.8 ﾿ Bacterial indicator of water ﾿ 16

2.8.1 ﾿ Total coliforms ﾿ 16

2.8.2 ﾿ Fecal coliform ﾿ 17

2.8.3 ﾿ E. coli ﾿ 18

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 ﾿ Materials and methods ﾿ 20

3.1 ﾿ Sample collection and sampling ﾿ 20

3.2 ﾿ Isolation, identification and enumeration of microorganisms ﾿ 20

3.3 ﾿ Biochemical test ﾿ 21

3.3.1 ﾿ Catalase test ﾿ 21

3.3.2 ﾿ Oxidase Test ﾿ 21

3.3.3 ﾿ Coagulase test ﾿ 22

3.3.4 ﾿ Methyl red test ﾿ 22

3.3.5 ﾿ Voges-Proskauer test (VP) ﾿ 22

3.3.6 ﾿ Citrate test ﾿ 23

3.3.7 ﾿ Indole test ﾿ 23

3.4 ﾿ Physico–chemical analysis of greywater ﾿ 23

3.4.1 ﾿ pH, Electric conductivity, temperature, dissolved oxygen, total dissolve 

solid and total suspended solids. ﾿ 23

3.4.2 ﾿ Determination of pH ﾿ 24

3.4.3 ﾿ Determination of temperature ﾿ 24

3.4.4 ﾿ Determination of conductivity ﾿ 24

3.4.5 ﾿ Determination of total dissolved solids ﾿ 24

3.4.6 ﾿ Determination of total suspended solids ﾿ 24

3.4.7 ﾿ Determination of dissolved oxygen ﾿ 25

3.4.8 ﾿ Determination of biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) ﾿ 25

3.5 ﾿ Statistical analysis ﾿ 25

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 ﾿ Result ﾿ 26

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 ﾿ Discussion, conclusion and recommendation ﾿ 34

5.1 ﾿ Discussion ﾿ 38

5.2 ﾿ Conclusion ﾿ 38

5.3 ﾿ Recommendation ﾿

REFERENCES

APPENDIX