Isolation And Identification Of Bacteria From Public Toilet Seats In Michael Okpara University Of Agriculture, Umudike
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ABSTRACT
In this study, the microbial contamination from public toilet seats were investigated. 25 Samples were evaluated using standard microbiological methods. The Seven (7) bacterial genera observed include Escherichia coli, Shigella spp, Salmonella spp, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella spp, and Bacillus spp. The total viable counts ranged from 9.3 x 102 cfu/g to 2.9 x 102 cfu/g while the Salmonella-shigella counts ranged from 0.9 x 102 cfu/g to 1.1 x 103 cfu/g. The percentage occurrence of the isolates revealed that Escherichia coli (39%) had the highest percentage occurrence, while Klebsiella spp (6%) had the least percentage occurrence. Frequent washing of the public toilet seats and constant closing of the lid should be maintained to enable a hygienic toilet environment.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page ﾿ i
Certification ﾿ ii
Dedication ﾿ iii
Acknowledgements ﾿ iv
Table of Contents ﾿ v
Lists of Tables ﾿ vii
Abstract ﾿ viii
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 ﾿ Introduction ﾿ 1
1.1 Aim ﾿ 2
1.2 Objectives ﾿ 2
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Literature Review ﾿ 3
2.1 Health Hazards Associated With Public Toilet Usage ﾿ 8
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Materials and Methods ﾿ 10
3.1 Sample collection ﾿ 10
3.2 Media Used ﾿ 10
3.3 Sterilization ﾿ 10
3.4 Enumeration of Bacterial Samples ﾿ 10
3.5 Identification and Characterization of Isolates ﾿ 11
3.5.1 Gram Staining ﾿ 11 ﾿
3.5.2 Motility Test ﾿ 12
3.6 Biochemical Tests ﾿ 12 ﾿
3.6.1 Catalase Test ﾿ 12
3.6.2 Coagulase Test ﾿ 12
3.6.3 Citrate Test. ﾿ 12
3.6.4 Oxidase Test ﾿ 13
3.6.5 Indole Test ﾿ 13
3.6.6 Urease Test ﾿ 13
3.6.7 Methyl Red Test ﾿ 14
3.6.8 Voges-proskaeur Test ﾿ 14
3.6.9 Sugar Fermentation Test ﾿ 15
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 ﾿ Results ﾿ 16 ﾿
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation ﾿ 21 ﾿
5.1 ﾿ Discussion ﾿ 21
5.2 ﾿ Conclusion ﾿ 23
5.3 ﾿ Recommendation ﾿ 23
References ﾿ 24
Appendix I ﾿ 28
Appendix II ﾿ 29
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APA
Francis, O. C. (2021). Isolation And Identification Of Bacteria From Public Toilet Seats In Michael Okpara University Of Agriculture, Umudike. Michael Okpara University of Agriculture. Retrieved June 9, 2026, from http://repository.mouau.edu.ng/works/isolation-and-identification-of-bacteria-from-public-toilet-seats-in-michael-okpara-university-of-agriculture-umudike-7-2
MLA
Francis, Okorie Chukwuebuka. "Isolation And Identification Of Bacteria From Public Toilet Seats In Michael Okpara University Of Agriculture, Umudike." Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, 30 Apr. 2021, http://repository.mouau.edu.ng/works/isolation-and-identification-of-bacteria-from-public-toilet-seats-in-michael-okpara-university-of-agriculture-umudike-7-2. Accessed June 9, 2026.
Chicago
Francis, Okorie Chukwuebuka. "Isolation And Identification Of Bacteria From Public Toilet Seats In Michael Okpara University Of Agriculture, Umudike." Michael Okpara University of Agriculture (2021). Accessed June 9, 2026. http://repository.mouau.edu.ng/works/isolation-and-identification-of-bacteria-from-public-toilet-seats-in-michael-okpara-university-of-agriculture-umudike-7-2