Biofilm Formation And Antimicrobial Susceptibility Of Staphylococcus Aureus From Hospital Environments

ABSTRACT

The sensitivity of biofilm forming staphylococcus aureus from hospital environment to different antibiotics which includes: ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, levofloxacin, gentamicin, trimethoprim, ampiclox, rifampicin, amoxycilin, norfloxacin, chloramphenicol, cefuroxime and ceftriaxone were evaluated. Fifty (50) clinical swab sample were collected within the hospital with respect to different sections which includes; Door handles, beddings, surgical table surfaces, surgical equipment, furniture. Biofilm detection test was carried out using Congo Red Agar method, a total of 12 isolates were strong biofilm producers while 6 isolates were weak biofilm producers and 32 isolates were non biofilm producers. In the antimicrobial susceptibility testing Ciprofloxacin gave the highest zone of inhibition, followed erythromycin, rifampicin, levofloxacin, trimethoprim, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, norfloxacin, ceftriaxone, cefuroxime, ampiclox and then amoxycilin give the least zone of inhibition. Ciprofloxacin seems a reliable antibiotic which can be used in combating the menace of biofilm in hospital environment.   

TABLE OF CONTENTS ﾿

Certification ﾿ i

Dedication ﾿ ii

Acknowledgement ﾿ iii

Table of content ﾿ iv

List of table ﾿ vii

List of figures ﾿ viii

Abstract ﾿ ix

CHAPTER ONE 

INTRODUCTION

1.1     Background of study ﾿ 1

1.2    Objectives of Study ﾿ 5

1.3    Problem Statement ﾿ 6

1.4    Significance of the Study ﾿ 6

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1   Definition of Biofilm ﾿ 7

2.2   Biofilm formation and Maturation ﾿ 8

2.2.1 The Conditioning Layer ﾿ 9

2.2.2 Reversible Adhesion ﾿ 9

2.2.3 Irreversible Adhesion ﾿ 10

2.2.4 Population Growth ﾿ 11

2.2.5 Final Stages of Biofilm Development ﾿ 12

2.3   Factors Favoring Biofilm Formation ﾿ 13

2.3.1 Substratum Effect ﾿ 13

2.3.2 Conditioning Films ﾿ 13

2.3.3 Hydrodynamics ﾿ 14

2.3.4 Horizontal Gene Transfer ﾿ 14

2.3.5 Quorum Sensing ﾿ 15

2.4    Biofilm Structure and Function ﾿ 16

2.4.1 Extracellular Polymeric Substances ﾿ 16

2.4.2 Protein ﾿ 17

2.4.3 Interaction of Particles ﾿ 18

2.5 Biofilm and Pathogenesis ﾿ 18

2.5.1 Native Valve Endocarditis ﾿ 18

2.5.2 Otitis Media ﾿ 19

2.5.3 Chronic Bacterial Prostitis ﾿ 19

2.5.4 Cyctic Fibrosis ﾿ 19

2.5.5 Periodontitis ﾿ 20

2.6   Environmental Factors Affecting Biofilm Development ﾿ 21

2.6.1 Effect of pH ﾿ 21

2.6.2 Rheological and Adhesive Properties of Biofilm ﾿ 21

2.6.3 Effect of Temperature ﾿ 22

2.6.4 Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing ﾿ 23

CHAPTER THREE

MATERIALS AND METHOD

3.1 Sample Collection ﾿ 25

3.2 Preparation of Media and Sterilization ﾿ 25

3.3 Sample Inoculation ﾿ 26

3.3.1 Isolation of Bacteria ﾿ 26

3.4   Identification of the Bacterial Isolate ﾿ 26

3.4.1 Macroscopic Examination ﾿ 26

3.4.2 Microscopic Examination (Gram Staining) ﾿ 26

3.5 Biochemical Test ﾿ 27

3.5.1 Catalase Test ﾿ 27

3.5.2 Coagulase Test ﾿ 27

3.5.3 Oxidase Test ﾿ 27

3.5.4 Methyl Red- Voges Proskauer test ﾿ 27

3.6   Detection of the Biofilm using Congo red agar ﾿ 28

CHAPTER FOUR

RESULTS 

4.1 Results ﾿     ﾿ 29

CHAPTER FIVE

DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

5.1 Discussion ﾿ 37 ﾿

5.2 Conclusion ﾿ 38

5.3 Recommendation ﾿ 39

References