Antibiotics Resistance Profile Of E. Coli Isolated From Farm Animal In Umuahia Metropolis

ABSTRACT

This study was to determine the antibiotics resistance profile of E. coli isolated from farm animal in Umuahia metropolis. A total of Forty (40) samples were analyzed in the study of which ten (10) swab samples each were collected from Goats, Sheep, Pigs and Rabbits. These samples were cultured on Blood and MacConkey agar plates using streak plate technique and incubated at 37oC for 24hrs. Escherichia coli strains were identified by standard techniques on the basis of their colonial morphology, Gram staining reaction, motility and biochemical characteristics. Among the forty (40) samples analysed, pig had the highest number positive for E. coli with high percentage occurrence 8(42.1%). The antibiotic susceptibility testing, using disc diffusion techniques reveals patterns with high resistant rates of the isolates to Nalidixic acid, Amoxicillin, Septrin and Ampicilin. The highest sensitivity rates on E. coli were recorded with Ciprofloxacin (94.7%), Streptomycin (78.9%), Oflaxacin (89.5%), and gentamicin (84.2%). The results from this study demonstrated the high antimicrobial resistance amongst E. coli to the commonly prescribed antimicrobial drugs which substantiates the alarming occurrence and ongoing spread of various multi resistant Enterobacteriaceae strains in the human and animal population. There is need for continuous surveillance of antimicrobial resistance trends particularly among organisms resident in the gastrointestinal tract of farm-animals which are implicated in infectious diseases in human.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Title Page ﾿   ﾿   i

Certification ﾿ iii

Dedication ﾿ iv

Acknowledgement ﾿ v

Table of Contents ﾿ vi

List of Tables ﾿ vii

Abstract ﾿ ix

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 ﾿ Introduction ﾿ 1

1.1 ﾿ Aim and Objectives ﾿ 3

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 ﾿ Literature Review ﾿ 4

2.1 ﾿ Modes of Action of Antibacterial Agents ﾿ 4

2.1.1 ﾿ Inhibition of Cell-Wall Synthesis ﾿ 5

2.1.2 ﾿ Inhibition of Protein Synthesis ﾿ 6

2.1.3 ﾿ Injury to the Plasma Membrane ﾿ 7

2.1.4 ﾿ Inhibition of Nucleic Acid Synthesis ﾿ 7

2.1.5 ﾿ Inhibition of Essential Metabolites ﾿ 8

2.2 ﾿ Antibiotics Resistance Mechanisms ﾿ 8

2.2.1 ﾿ Resistance Based on Altered Receptors for a Drug ﾿ 9

2.2.2 ﾿ Decreased Entry of Antibiotics ﾿ 10

2.2.3 ﾿ Synthesis of Resistance or Alternative Pathway ﾿ 10

2.3 ﾿ Resistance to B-Lactam Antibiotics ﾿ 11

2.3.1 ﾿ Tetracycline Resistance ﾿ 11

2.3.2 ﾿ Chloramphenicol Resistance ﾿ 13

2.4 ﾿ Factors Contributing to the Emergence of Resistance ﾿ 13

2.5 ﾿ Containment of Antimicrobial Resistance ﾿ 14

2.5.1 ﾿ Infection Control ﾿ 14

2.5.2 ﾿ Rational Use of Antibiotics ﾿ 15

2.6 ﾿ Biology and Pathogenecity of E. coli ﾿ 16

2.6.1 ﾿ Escherichia coli ﾿ 16

2.6.1.1 ﾿ Diseases Caused by Escherichia coli O157: H7 ﾿ 17

CHAPTER THREE

3.0 ﾿ Materials and Methods ﾿ 18

3.1 ﾿ Study Location ﾿ 18

3.2 ﾿ Sample Collection ﾿ 18

3.3 ﾿ Sample Processing  ﾿ 18

3.4 ﾿ Isolation and Identification of E. coli Isolates ﾿ 18

3.4.1 ﾿ Colonial Morphology ﾿ 18

3.4.2 ﾿ Gram Staining ﾿ 19

3.4.3 ﾿ Motility Test ﾿ 19

3.5 ﾿ Biochemical Tests ﾿ 19

3.5.1 ﾿ Catalase Test ﾿ 19

3.5.2 ﾿ Methyl Red Test ﾿ 20

3.5.3 ﾿ Voges-Proskauer Test  ﾿ 20

3.5.4 ﾿ Indole Test ﾿ 20

3.5.5 ﾿ Citrate Utilization Test ﾿ 20

3.5.6 ﾿ Urease Test ﾿ 21

3.5.7 ﾿ Triple Sugar Iron Agar Test ﾿ 21

3.6 ﾿ Antibiotic Sensitivity Testing ﾿ 21

3.7 ﾿ Data Analysis ﾿ 22

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0 ﾿ Results ﾿ 23

CHAPTER FIVE

5.0 ﾿ Discussion, Conclusion and Recommendation ﾿ 27

5.1 ﾿ Discussion ﾿ 27

5.2 ﾿ Conclusion ﾿ 28

5.3 ﾿ Recommendation ﾿ 28

﾿ References